C++学习笔记

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介绍

我过去很是不喜欢C++这门语言，当看到有些人评价C++语言差的时候，我总是拍手称快。上个星期重读Steve Lippman《The Inside C++ Object Model》和《ATL开发指南》后，我才打心底下改变了对C++的看法。《The Inside C++ Object Model》里有句话，大体意思就是：“C++适合开发大型软件，但这也是有代价的，开发者需要去了解C++。”，看过去我就是站在C以及排斥C++各种花俏功能（模版、多重继承、虚函数、运算符重载）的角度上，来评价C++的。好了，一句话结束介绍“海纳百川，故成其大”，言归正传。

这篇文章主要是针对介绍VC 2005编译器，介绍C++的死角，一个容易出错、不容易理解、而有每天都会碰到n次的地方。

对于基础数据类型，delete和delete[]生成代码一样

在VC下，基础数据类型，int、float、double等，delete和delete[]生成的代码一样。但对于删除new分配的数组，用delete[]删除是个好习惯，我不知道Linux和Unix下C++的运行库是如何设计。有知道的，可以回个贴。

VC的C/C++运行库在每次调用new的时候记录了分配数据的大小，new返回的指针是一个_CrtMemBlockHeader数据结构。微软这么设计，估计是可以方便的检查出程序退出后的内存泄漏。为了节省你的时间，和增加印象，我将new和delete的相关代码摘录出来，红色标记的为要害。

/*
* For diagnostic purpose, blocks are allocated with extra information and
* stored in a doubly-linked list. This makes all blocks registered with
* how big they are, when they were allocated, and what they are used for.
*/

#define nNoMansLandSize 4

typedef struct _CrtMemBlockHeader
{
    struct _CrtMemBlockHeader * pBlockHeaderNext;
    struct _CrtMemBlockHeader * pBlockHeaderPrev;
    char *                      szFileName;
    int                         nLine;
    size_t                      nDataSize;
    int                         nBlockUse;
    long                        lRequest;
    unsigned char               gap[nNoMansLandSize];
    /* followed by:
    * unsigned char           data[nDataSize];
    * unsigned char           anotherGap[nNoMansLandSize];
    */
} _CrtMemBlockHeader;

#define pbData(pblock) ((unsigned char *)((_CrtMemBlockHeader *)pblock + 1))
#define pHdr(pbData) (((_CrtMemBlockHeader *)pbData)-1)

void operator delete(void *pUserData)
{
    _CrtMemBlockHeader * pHead;
    RTCCALLBACK(_RTC_Free_hook, (pUserData, 0));

    if (pUserData == NULL)
        return;

    _mlock(_HEAP_LOCK); /* block other threads */
    __TRY
        /* get a pointer to memory block header */
        pHead = pHdr(pUserData);
    /* verify block type */
    _ASSERTE(_BLOCK_TYPE_IS_VALID(pHead->nBlockUse));
    _free_dbg( pUserData, pHead->nBlockUse );

    __FINALLY
        _munlock(_HEAP_LOCK); /* release other threads */
    __END_TRY_FINALLY

        return;
}

void *__CRTDECL operator new(size_t size) _THROW1(_STD bad_alloc)
{
    // try to allocate size bytes
    void *p;
    while ((p = malloc(size)) == 0) {
        if (_callnewh(size) == 0) {
            // report no memory
            static const std::bad_alloc nomem;
            _RAISE(nomem);
        }
    }
    return (p);
}

extern "C" _CRTIMP void * __cdecl malloc(size_t nSize)
{
    void *res = _nh_malloc_dbg(nSize, _newmode, _NORMAL_BLOCK, NULL, 0);
    RTCCALLBACK(_RTC_Allocate_hook, (res, nSize, 0));
    return res;
}

extern "C" void * __cdecl _heap_alloc_dbg(
    size_t nSize,
    int nBlockUse,
    const char * szFileName,
    int nLine
    )
{
    long lRequest;
    size_t blockSize;
    int fIgnore = FALSE;
    _CrtMemBlockHeader * pHead;
    void *retval=NULL;

    /* lock the heap
    */
    _mlock(_HEAP_LOCK);
    __try {

        /* verify heap before allocation */
        if (check_frequency > 0)
            if (check_counter == (check_frequency - 1))
            {
                _ASSERTE(_CrtCheckMemory());
                check_counter = 0;
            }
            else
                check_counter++;

        lRequest = _lRequestCurr;

        /* break into debugger at specific memory allocation */
        if (_crtBreakAlloc != -1L && lRequest == _crtBreakAlloc)
            _CrtDbgBreak();

        /* forced failure */
        if ((_pfnAllocHook) && !(*_pfnAllocHook)(_HOOK_ALLOC, NULL, nSize, nBlockUse, lRequest, (const unsigned char *)szFileName, nLine))
        {
            if (szFileName)
                _RPT2(_CRT_WARN, "Client hook allocation failure at file %hs line %d.\n",
                szFileName, nLine);
            else
                _RPT0(_CRT_WARN, "Client hook allocation failure.\n");
        }
        else
        {
            /* cannot ignore CRT allocations */
            if (_BLOCK_TYPE(nBlockUse) != _CRT_BLOCK &&
                !(_crtDbgFlag & _CRTDBG_ALLOC_MEM_DF))
                fIgnore = TRUE;

            /* Diagnostic memory allocation from this point on */

            if (nSize > (size_t)(_HEAP_MAXREQ - nNoMansLandSize - sizeof(_CrtMemBlockHeader)))
            {
                _RPT1(_CRT_ERROR, "Invalid allocation size: %Iu bytes.\n", nSize);
                errno = ENOMEM;
            }
            else
            {
                if (!_BLOCK_TYPE_IS_VALID(nBlockUse))
                {
                    _RPT0(_CRT_ERROR, "Error: memory allocation: bad memory block type.\n");
                }

                blockSize = sizeof(_CrtMemBlockHeader) + nSize + nNoMansLandSize;

#ifndef WINHEAP
                /* round requested size */
                blockSize = _ROUND2(blockSize, _GRANULARITY);
#endif /* WINHEAP */

                RTCCALLBACK(_RTC_FuncCheckSet_hook,(0));
                pHead = (_CrtMemBlockHeader *)_heap_alloc_base(blockSize);

                if (pHead == NULL)
                {
                    errno = ENOMEM;
                    RTCCALLBACK(_RTC_FuncCheckSet_hook,(1));
                }
                else
                {

                    /* commit allocation */
                    ++_lRequestCurr;

                    if (fIgnore)
                    {
                        pHead->pBlockHeaderNext = NULL;
                        pHead->pBlockHeaderPrev = NULL;
                        pHead->szFileName = NULL;
                        pHead->nLine = IGNORE_LINE;
                        pHead->nDataSize = nSize;
                        pHead->nBlockUse = _IGNORE_BLOCK;
                        pHead->lRequest = IGNORE_REQ;
                    }
                    else {
                        /* keep track of total amount of memory allocated */
                        _lTotalAlloc += nSize;
                        _lCurAlloc += nSize;

                        if (_lCurAlloc > _lMaxAlloc)
                            _lMaxAlloc = _lCurAlloc;

                        if (_pFirstBlock)
                            _pFirstBlock->pBlockHeaderPrev = pHead;
                        else
                            _pLastBlock = pHead;

                        pHead->pBlockHeaderNext = _pFirstBlock;
                        pHead->pBlockHeaderPrev = NULL;
                        pHead->szFileName = (char *)szFileName;
                        pHead->nLine = nLine;
                        pHead->nDataSize = nSize;
                        pHead->nBlockUse = nBlockUse;
                        pHead->lRequest = lRequest;

                        /* link blocks together */
                        _pFirstBlock = pHead;
                    }

                    /* fill in gap before and after real block */
                    memset((void *)pHead->gap, _bNoMansLandFill, nNoMansLandSize);
                    memset((void *)(pbData(pHead) + nSize), _bNoMansLandFill, nNoMansLandSize);

                    /* fill data with silly value (but non-zero) */
                    memset((void *)pbData(pHead), _bCleanLandFill, nSize);

                    RTCCALLBACK(_RTC_FuncCheckSet_hook,(1));

                    retval=(void *)pbData(pHead);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    __finally {
        /* unlock the heap
        */
        _munlock(_HEAP_LOCK);
    }
    return retval;
}

__forceinline void * __cdecl _heap_alloc (size_t size)
{
    void *pvReturn;

    if (_crtheap == 0) {
        _FF_MSGBANNER();    /* write run-time error banner */
        _NMSG_WRITE(_RT_CRT_NOTINIT); /* write message */
        __crtExitProcess(255); /* normally _exit(255) */
    }

    if (__active_heap == __SYSTEM_HEAP) {
        return HeapAlloc(_crtheap, 0, size ? size : 1);
    } else {
        if ( __active_heap == __V6_HEAP ) {
            if (pvReturn = V6_HeapAlloc(size)) {
                return pvReturn;
            }
        }

        if (size == 0)
            size = 1;

        size = (size + BYTES_PER_PARA - 1) & ~(BYTES_PER_PARA - 1);
        return HeapAlloc(_crtheap, 0, size);
    }
}

类型转换

在C++中，将一个指针转换为另一个指针，结果是多少？如果你和我一样，是个C好手，那么你肯定不加思考的说就是这个指针的值。但知道昨天晚上我在次看COM QueryInterface代码的实现，我puzzle了。很显然，结果肯定不是指针本身了，否则QueryInterface也不用这么多if语句来判断了，而且返回的接口肯定会出问题的。

含有多个vptr表格的类，将this指针转换为其中虚函数表类型，VC编译器将根据继承顺序来调整this指针，以返回this指针中相应接口的vptr地址。

部署你的自动构建
 cl.exe 的/Gm参数
 VC++ Minimum Rebuild Dependency File
VC2003/VC2008编译器性能
 Visual C++生成调试信息（转）
VC2005编译器堆栈检查汇编码
 国产文件编辑器 - FlexEdit

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